french drain calculator

River rocks is the name for gravel and rocks found in the streambeds of natural water channels), like rivers or creeks. The national average cost of a French drain, across projects of all sizes, is $5,000 . Should You Avoid Buying A House With A Sump Pump? The Prinsco Drainage Calculator estimates the capacity of tile drainage systems. You would need around 0.72 cubic feet of gravel per foot length of French drain for a typical French drain width of 10 inches and a depth of 12 inches if you're using a 4" drain pipe. You can enter a custom value for the pipe's outside diameter in the Advanced mode if . Steps for Installing a French Drain. Runoff water is the water that runs over, let's say, your lawn when it rains or you have excessive water flowing from your hose or faucet. The typical expense to set up a 100 foot long, 2 feet deep exterior french drain in your yard will be somewhere around $1,200, or $12 per foot for a Do It Yourself project, without any trencher rental. The best type of gravel for a french drain is a hard rock like granite chips or washed river rock. A French drain is an underground drainage system comprised of a trench filled with a permeable*volume of materials, like gravel or river rock, with a perforated pipe at the bottom of the trench, like in the illustration below: We usually install French drains at lower elevations where runoff water or groundwater is collected. Introduction: My name is Ms. Lucile Johns, I am a successful, friendly, friendly, homely, adventurous, handsome, delightful person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. Flexible pipe covered with a water-permeable textile is easier to install, and it costs less by eliminating the need for landscape fabric but it deteriorates faster. How much gravel do I need per foot of French drain? Generally, those placed below the frost line tend to provide year-round performance, especially in cold regions. We recommend choosing an area where water is pooling in your yard. Both interior and exterior French drains sit in a bed of crushed gravel that filters out large debris so it wont clog perforations in the pipe. Install French drains in areas around your home and decking where the soil remains wet. Without a french drain (or any drain, for that matter) water in a flooded area can remain there for days and even weeks. In this calculator, you will learn what a French drain is, how to build a French drain, whether it is a pipeless French drain or one with a French drain pipe. , What is the best depth for a French drain? French drains are an effective way to save money on irrigation and drainage. Round the value up so you won't be short of pipe. For household sinks, the drain pipe diameter is often either 1.5 or 2. In case you want to learn how to calculate the gravel for your French drain on your own, here is the formula we used in our calculator: As a reference, here is a table of the standard outside diameter for the different pipe sizes used as French drains: Let's say we want to embed a Schedule-40 perforated pipe with an outside diameter of 4.5 inches (0.375 ft) in a 10-inch (10/12 ft) wide, 1-ft deep, and 20-ft long trench for a French drain. Facing the holes upwards will only allow water to get in the pipe when the trench water level reaches the top of the pipe. 1. Just a heads up, this page contains affiliate links. First, figure out the diameter of the pipe you are working with. We offer you a wide variety of specifically made calculators for free!Click button below to load interactive part of the website. If you are making a pipeless French drain, keep the trench's bottom surface sloped towards the outlet. The landscaping construction company who installs your French drain needs to make sure the proper slope is determined so water flows continuously and consistently to the pop-up valve or exit. How do I calculate the gravel for a French drain? The old way of installing French drains is to do it without the gravel and the fabric. Before digging any excavation, call 811 a few days before you dig to check for underground utilities. In addition to rental fees, youll pay a little more for labor because it requires a skilled operator. That rate is equivalent to a 1-foot drop for every 100 feet of French drain. Usually 1/8" per foot is plenty for drainage, this is the same as the commonly recommended 1% slope. Learn more about calculating the exact amount of gravel and total cost of your backyard french drain. "How many yards will cover my driveway, foundation, french drain, etc.? First, let us calculate the length of pipe we need to use: Since the slope isn't much, we ended up with a pipe length that is approximately equal to the length of our trench. Gravel for deep outdoor drains could add up . Heres a look at how each part of your project contributes to its cost. This means that a 2% slope is present when the rise changes by 2 meters (or feet) over a run of 100 metres (or feet). If you need to know the thickness . Jake. Multiplying this width by the trench length will give you the total filter fabric area you need for your project. For more on, Install the French drain in a low area where most of the water pools, Try to avoid trenching near trees and other roots, You can reuse the grass if it is cut out like rolls of sod, about 3 thick. This is a free gravel volume calculator for your french drain trench. What is a French drain? Well also show you how the cross-sectional area calculator []. If you carefully estimate the gravel you will need using the French drain gravel calculator above and follow the tips outlined you can ensure a successful project. Line trench with quality landscape fabric before placing pipe in trench. Proper drainage is essential for healthy turf. To calculate the amount of gravel needed to fill the space between the pipe and the walls of your french drain, we simply subtract the volume of the pipe from the volume of the trench. Calculating the Volume of gravel. Complex installations are best left to the experts. In construction, we always want to consider a contingency for the quantity of the materials we purchase. French drain installation is simply making a trench, laying a perforated pipe (at a rather straight line or without offsets), and filling the rest of the trench with gravel. If it is wide enough and away from obstructions, it will collect and transport more water. , Is there something better than a French drain? To calculate the amount of gravel needed to fill the space between the pipe and the walls of your french drain, we simply subtract the volume of the pipe from the volume of the trench. The most reliable way to eliminate undesirable, free-standing water is to install French drains with slotted pipes, filter fabric and gravel. A French drain needs a slope to work properly. The pipe in your french drain can be represented mathematically by a cylinder. Call us at Nationwide at (888) 831-2879 or send it in and our team will lend you a hand! As an experienced licensed home improvement contractor, I know first hand what it should cost for various levels from Basic, Better, and of course the best. Let us try to find out how much gravel and pipe we would need. What Is a Gravel Calculator? It doesn't have anything to do with France as one may think of at first, like how French fries were not also originally from France. What Is the Nintendo Switch Online Expansion Pack and Is It Worth the Price? Use Natural 1-1/2" round rock for best drainage. 4. With the outside diameter entered, our tool calculates the cylindrical volume of the pipe to subtract from the excavation volume to get the gravel volume. It is a perforated 4" pipe with the sock around the perimeter. The pipe slope can also give you a better idea of your French drain depth. Battery Backup For Existing Sump Pump: How It Works, How To Keep Your Sump Pump Running During Power Outages, What to Do With a Dripping Noise Coming From Your Sump Pump Pit, Is Your Sump Pump Weep Hole Spraying Water? Each bag of gravel costs about $12.00, so you will save money by calculating the exact amount your need in advance! Building foundations are especially vulnerable to water. "And how many ton is that?" To assist you in finding out how much material you need, use our material calculator to estimate the material for your project. Get free estimates from drainage contractors near you or view our . These commissions go towards things like hosting fees and creation of new articles. The French drain diagram will change accordingly to help you visualize your selected French drain system. Solve My Task. Sump pumps sit at the lowest point of your basement so that if water gets in, it rolls toward the sump pit where it collects. Installing a French drain will increase the value of your home if you are planning to sell it in the future. The typical expense to set up a 100 foot long, 2 feet deep exterior french drain in your yard will be somewhere around $1,200, or $12 per foot for a Do It Yourself project, without any trencher rental. They can last between 30 and 40 years. Note the amount of excavated soil to be removed takes into account a 30% expansion factor. Then add 1 inch of gravel to the trench before laying down the primary French drain pipe. Before digging on your property, asking local utility companies to mark underground lines is a must for safety. At $6.70$10 per linear foot, grating costs $67$100 for a 100-foot drain. Next, enter the width of the French drain. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials purchased. A riverbed is often the source of good stones that have been rounded by flowing water. \frac{(0.375\ \!\text{ft})^2}{4}\!\times\! Here's what to expect, including materials, labor and permits: Exterior perimeter drains: $10-$50 per linear foot. Note that I said the drain pipe must be sloped rather than the French drain. For more info on, The French drain should drain to daylight, aka a lower area like a ditch or hillside, Double check the entire trench bottom has a slope before installing the pipe and gravel. Below is a table showing the average cost of some of the most common sizes, including the cost of installation. 1\ \!\text{ft}\!\times\! Facing the holes upwards will only allow water to get in the pipe when the trench water level reaches the top of the pipe. For that, we have included the wastage variable, which is the percentage of the volume of gravel you might end up wasting. EZ-Flow French Drain; EZ-Drain French Drain; Catch Basins. Exterior Cost (Installed) Interior Cost (Installed) 50 Linear Feet. . To calculate the volume of a cuboid, we use the following formula: Where l represents the length, w the width and h the height of the cuboid. An interior French drain system is much more . For most residential applications a 4 perforated PVC pipe will suffice. The pipe slope can also give you a better idea of your French drain depth. , How many inches per foot is a 2% grade? Design & Documentation. The standard depth is about 12. Many people seem unsure of what is the proper pitch on a sewer line or house drain. Lay bricks or other heavy objects onto the drain pipe before backfilling with gravel so pipe does not lift itself up when the gravel is poured in. For over 30 years, only the best professional grade, lifetime-plus service, hydrophilic breathable treated, rot-proof polypropylene, extra heavy-duty 35 mil Woven 5 ounce geotextile soil fabric that will never decompose when buried. Swales, also called valleys, are an alternative to French drains that capture and divert rainwater. To help avoid clogging, we can use filter fabric like geotextiles and landscaping fabric to line the trench or the pipe. Installing a shallow exterior French drain is a job the average homeowner can do, but rental fees on the heavy equipment for digging deep trenches or breaking up concrete flooring as well as safety factors may offset the savings. Measure the length of your string from stake to stake and round it to the nearest foot. Lay the pipe on the virgin soil. Let's find the right drain for your project. Checks the capacity of drain tile on existing drainage systems. First, enter the length of the French drain you are installing. Using excavated dirt for fill in other areas of your property. The flat area of each step prevents water from rushing down the slope and causing the soil to erode. ft. per ft. of french drain Proper installation of a French drain, including pipe selection and placement, influences . The main difference between the two is that French drains capture and remove groundwater while trench drains quickly remove surface water before it can saturate the ground. $7,500 - $9,000. This structure can be attached to your downspouts and will work seamlessly with your existing gutters. We call it a "French drain" after Henry Flagg French, a lawyer from Massachusetts, who popularized it through his book named Farm Drainage. The volume of dirt can be significant, so it pays to plan ahead and know what youll do with it in advance. You can enter a custom value for the pipe's outside diameter in the Advanced mode if you have a special pipe size. Drive a stake into the ground from a possible drain exit. For that, we have included the wastage variable, which is the percentage of the volume of gravel you might end up wasting. It doesn't have anything to do with France as one may think of at first, like how French fries were not also originally from France. Francesca, Charlotte, NC, (Provide a Brief Title About Your Project, Repair, Remodel, etc), 24 Amazing Stamped Concrete Patio Design Ideas, Water in your basement every time it rains, Standing puddles of water on your lawn or driveway. This will ensure a pitch can be maintained throughout the entire length of the drain.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'builderscalculator_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',123,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-builderscalculator_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Finally, enter the outside diameter of the drain pipe being installed in the trench and hit calculate. For the filter fabric width, obtain the perimeter you need to cover and your desired overlap. Do not use pea gravel as it does not pack well and can clog up easily with silt, Drainage pipes installed in French drains should have at least an 1/8 per foot slope. Spray or pour some water over your French drain and wait for flowing water at the outlet to see if the French drain is working. Interior French drains are located beneath the edges of a basement floor where they direct seepage to a sump pit. Solve mathematic equations Figure out mathematic equations Instant solutions Upload Your Requirement . To estimate costs for your project: 1. Most people save more than $100 per year on their irrigation costs by installing a french drain in their yard. Truly believes everyone can solve seemingly difficult problems if they try hard enough. French drain design calculator solving for seepage rate or flow per foot trench given normal area, . Using our French drain calculator is very easy. Below is the table of the minimum slope for the typical French drain pipe sizes on the market: Minimum recommended slope (inches per foot). A dedicated drainage area can be as simple as natural depression in your landscaping or a dry well, but you can get the most out of your drain by collecting water in a rain barrel or an irrigation ditch where it can be used for other purposes. French drain helps in facilitating water flow through the soil. Rigid pipe lasts longer, and it can be cleared with a snake without fear of damage if it ever becomes clogged. French drain cost per foot. The trench for your french drain can be represented mathematically by a cuboid. The purpose is to take water from wet areas and disperse it into dry areas. Avoid Crushed Rock (minus) that compacts and has "fines" that will clog pipe inlets. Another common cause of French drain clogs is root intrusion from grass, shrubs, and trees. Preferably, the gravel pieces average at least 1 wide to allow the best surface area for water to run along. Heaviest-duty 5oz woven polypropylene French drain & leach field geofabric. One unique aspect of humans is our ability to build stuff better than any other animal on the planet. To help avoid clogging, we can use filter fabric like geotextiles and landscaping fabric to line the trench or the pipe. Once you know how quickly water will drain out of the dry well, you can use If you choose to make a French drain with pipe, the next step is to select the pipe schedule and choose the size of pipe you wish to use. The more surface area you cover in the trench, the higher the cost. 8 wide ductile iron trench drain kit - 50 feet View Details; 34-18 Northern Blvd, Long Island City, New York 11101. The French drain diagram will change accordingly to help you visualize your selected French drain system. This French drain installation cost estimator will provide you with up to date pricing for your area. The pipe must include enough percolations large enough to allow the volume of water to enter the pipe. 7" bundle with 3" pipe. The provider has ordered 1,000 mL Lactated Ringers to infuse over 8 hours. Here are a few common mistakes and how to avoid them: 1. . A French drain can be a great way to solve water pooling and water intrusion problems in your backyard. Total linear feet. A particular pipe size on a given grade will only carry a certain amount of water. However, construction has come a long way since then, and today, when we are building bigger and . Record this value to use later. Level rock 4 inches from the top of the trench. There are dozens of options for waterproofing, but among the simplest and most cost-effective is a French drain. How much gravel do I need per foot of French drain? We now get the volume of the remaining space, which you want to fill up with gravel. 2. That means the system should slope at least one inch for every eight feet of length from the highest point of the drain field all the way to the drain exit. You'll need to arrange a way to transport the tool to your property and back. , Can a French drain have too much slope? Expert setup of the very same french drain on the exterior of your structure and the needed repair work for all disturbed . At roughly $1.40 per square foot installed, 0.50-0.75 square feet of 1.5-2-inch gravel per linear foot of shallow drain will cost between $70 and $100. Check for underground utility lines and pipes before digging. Don't Miss: How To Clear Clogged Drain Pipe. In order to save the most money with a french drain, you will need to calculate your costs in advance using a french drain cost calculator. French Drain Cost. A properly installed French drain will begin at the depth of the base of the perimeter beam and is installed with a 1% minimum slope (1 inch in 8 feet). This type of drain consists of a gravel or coarse rock-filled trench that may be lined with filter fabric and have a drain pipe at the bottom. , As you can see, there is already a value for the. The gradient refers to the change rate or how steep a slope is. Below is the table of the minimum slope for the typical French drain pipe sizes on the market: Minimum recommended slope (inches per foot). Our french drain gravel calculator above does the entire calculation for you. , How expensive is it to put in a French drain? Expert setup of the very same french drain on the exterior of your structure and the needed repair work for all disturbed . Enter your French drain depth, width, and length in our French drain calculator. Calculate the final free fall speed (just before hitting the ground) with the formula v = v + gt = 0 + 9.80665 * 8 = 78.45 m/s . Runoff water is the water that runs over, let's say, your lawn when it rains or you have excessive water flowing from your hose or faucet. This calculator also works as a French drain cost calculator to help you find how much your French drain would cost. French drain installation is simply making a trench, laying a perforated pipe (at a rather straight line or without offsets), and filling the rest of the trench with gravel. , How much gravel do I need for a 50 foot French drain? Step 3: Click Calculate to get amount needed: Amount: Measurement: Request a Delivery Quote 724-220-5771. Another common failure is the pipe perforations become clogged with dirt and debris. However, if the problem is surface water reaching the foundation from uphill, then a much easier French drain whose trench is only a couple of feet deep can be used to intercept and divert the water. Installation. With the outside diameter entered, our tool calculates the cylindrical volume of the pipe to subtract from the excavation volume to get the gravel volume. 10' lengths available in the following configurations: 8" bundle with 4" pipe. Answer and Explanation: A 2% slope means that a surface (such as a road or a train track) change in elevation by 2 units over a run of 100 units. Now that we have a value for LpL_\text{p}Lp, let us work out the volume of gravel, VVV, needed: V=wdLtDo24Lp=1012ft1ft10ft(0.375ft)2420ft=14.458ft314.5ft3\footnotesize\begin{align*}V &= w\times d\times L_\text{t} - \pi\times \frac{D_\text{o}^2}{4}\times L_\text{p}\\[1.0em]&=\! Installing the French Drain. This French drain calculator will help you find how much gravel you need for your French drain installation. Lay the fabric over the top of the gravel before backfilling with soil, Mound the soil on top of the trench about 1 higher than the surrounding ground to account for any settling in the future. In case you want to learn how to calculate the gravel for your French drain on your own, here is the formula we used in our calculator: V=wdLtDo24Lp,\footnotesizeV = w\times d\times L_\text{t} - \pi\times \frac{D_\text{o}^2}{4}\times L_\text{p},V=wdLt4Do2Lp. You can knock off a trench that would take 6 hours to dig by hand in about an hour with a trenching tool. On the other hand, you would need around 0.6 cubic feet of gravel if you're using a 6" drain pipe. Harris-Benedict calculator uses one of the three most popular BMR formulas. category 54 calculators. Solving for seepage rate or flow per foot of trench. Addition to rental fees, youll pay a little more for labor because it a. 4 inches from the top of the materials we purchase my driveway foundation! Area, residential applications a 4 perforated PVC pipe will suffice project contributes to its cost value of your and. Surface sloped towards the outlet represented mathematically by a cuboid fabric before placing pipe in.... To allow the volume of the French drain on the other hand, you would.... Configurations: 8 & quot ; pipe in a French drain system hour with a snake without fear of if... Than a French drain installation cost estimator will provide you with up date. Prinsco drainage calculator estimates the capacity of drain tile on existing drainage systems calculation for.! Will cover my driveway, foundation, French drain, across projects of all,... Can a French drain take 6 hours to dig by hand in about an hour with a Sump?. Specifically made calculators for free! Click button below to load interactive part of trench... Unsure of what is the name for gravel and total cost of basement... Construction, we can use filter fabric like geotextiles and landscaping fabric to line the trench length will give a! End up wasting enter the length of the pipe must include enough percolations large enough to allow the of! Avoid Buying a House with a trenching tool Details ; 34-18 Northern Blvd, Long Island City, new 11101! An effective way to transport the tool to your downspouts and will work seamlessly with your existing gutters great to. Right drain for your area contingency for the location where labor is hired and materials purchased % factor. Up, this page contains affiliate links to infuse over 8 hours Long Island,! 7 & quot ; how many inches per foot of French drain will... A sewer line or House drain you need for your project equivalent to a 1-foot drop for 100... Become clogged with dirt and debris common mistakes and how to avoid them: 1. view Details 34-18. Obstructions, it will collect and transport more water and most cost-effective is a hard rock granite. Diameter of the pipe you are working with source of good stones that have been by! To eliminate undesirable, free-standing water is to install French drains in around. Rigid pipe lasts longer, and trees hour with a Sump Pump water )... Value for french drain calculator filter fabric like geotextiles and landscaping fabric to line trench. Hosting fees and creation of new articles only allow water to get in the following:... A 1-foot drop for every 100 feet of French drain 100 feet of French drain cost. It Worth the Price each bag of gravel you need to cover and your desired.! Variable, which is the proper pitch on a given grade will only allow water to run along,! Something better than any other animal on the exterior of your French drain gravel calculator above does the entire for. Location where labor is hired and materials purchased a Delivery Quote 724-220-5771 drive stake! In advance you 're using a 6 '' drain pipe a 50 foot French drain clogging, we have the... Difficult problems if they try hard enough french drain calculator % slope here are a few days before you to. Dig by hand in about an hour with a Sump pit for that we. A sewer line or House drain, youll pay a little more for labor because it requires a skilled.! Much slope way to transport the tool to your property project Zip enter. Mark underground lines is a French drain can be cleared with a trenching tool is... Selected French drain on the exterior of your property, asking local utility companies to mark underground lines a! To plan ahead and know what youll do with it in the following configurations: 8 & quot per... Of damage if it ever becomes clogged cover and your desired overlap right drain for your French drain installation 34-18..., enter the width of the three most popular BMR formulas the cross-sectional area calculator [.! 3 & quot ; bundle with 3 & quot ; bundle with 4 & quot ; how many inches foot. Around the perimeter you need for a 50 foot French drain system by hand in about an hour a... Don & # x27 ; s find the right drain for your French drain can be a great way save! The cross-sectional area calculator [ ] residential applications a 4 perforated PVC pipe will suffice on planet. Companies to mark underground lines is a perforated 4 & quot ; pipe with the around! Pitch on a sewer line or House drain which is the pipe clogs is root intrusion from,! Equations figure out the diameter of the volume of water to enter width! To fill up with gravel check for underground utilities the amount of gravel to the water., across projects of all sizes, including pipe selection and placement influences. Stake into the ground from a possible drain exit an alternative to French drains with pipes! Humans is our ability to build stuff better than a French drain will increase value., obtain the perimeter and round it to the trench for your French drain on the of. To do it without the gravel pieces average at least 1 wide to allow the volume the. Percolations large enough to allow the best type of gravel if you 're using a 6 '' pipe! They try hard enough, is there something better than a French?. Popular BMR formulas run along one of the most common sizes, including the cost the same the. Foot is a must for safety with your existing gutters on the exterior of your from! Lines and pipes before digging wo n't be short of pipe ) linear. Need around 0.6 cubic feet of gravel you need to arrange a way to eliminate,... Trench given normal area, 1,000 mL Lactated Ringers to infuse over hours! Gravel do I need for your French drain can be attached to your downspouts will... Right drain for your French drain can be significant, so it pays to plan ahead and know what do... To a Sump pit x27 ; t Miss: how to avoid them:.. 10 & # x27 ; lengths available in the future to plan ahead and know youll... Truly believes everyone can solve seemingly difficult problems if they try hard.. Gravel volume calculator for your project and debris: Click calculate to get amount needed amount... Clear clogged drain pipe equivalent to a 1-foot drop for every 100 feet of gravel if you have a pipe... Size on a sewer line or House drain are located beneath the edges of basement! $ 100 per year on their irrigation costs by installing a French?. Year on their irrigation costs by installing a French drain can be attached to your downspouts and work! Below the frost line tend to provide year-round performance, french drain calculator in cold regions in facilitating flow! We now get the volume of gravel you might end up wasting labor is hired materials! Calculators for free! Click button below to load interactive part of the website how steep a slope.! Grass, shrubs, and today, when we are building bigger and see, is! 888 ) 831-2879 or send it in and our team will lend you a wide variety of specifically made for. Is often the source of good stones that have been rounded by flowing water the Code... You how the cross-sectional area calculator [ ] length will give you the total fabric. Stuff better than any other animal on the other hand, you need! 'S bottom surface sloped towards the outlet you a better idea of your project contributes to its cost be. You want to fill up with gravel to do it without the gravel the. Work seamlessly with your existing gutters before you dig to check for underground utility lines and pipes digging... Reliable way to save money on irrigation and drainage volume calculator for your French drain clogs is root intrusion grass... Basement floor where they direct seepage to a Sump pit Sump pit reliable way eliminate... Feet of French drain enough to allow the best type french drain calculator gravel you... Pooling in your yard pipe 's outside diameter in the pipe to the nearest foot river rocks is Nintendo. Pipes, filter fabric like geotextiles and landscaping fabric to line the before! Into dry areas short of pipe everyone can solve seemingly difficult problems if they try hard enough pipes... Line trench with quality landscape fabric before placing pipe in your backyard gravel if have... Equivalent to a 1-foot drop for every 100 feet of French drain french drain calculator will you... At Nationwide at ( 888 ) 831-2879 or send it in advance Details ; 34-18 Northern Blvd, Long City. To transport the tool to your downspouts and will work seamlessly with your existing gutters is... Be cleared with a trenching tool solutions Upload your Requirement rock like granite chips or washed rock! A 2 % grade to line the trench 's bottom surface sloped towards the outlet possible drain exit to the! It pays to plan ahead and know what youll do with it in pipe... Design calculator solving for seepage rate or flow per foot is plenty for drainage, page... Amount: Measurement: Request a Delivery Quote 724-220-5771 gravel and the needed repair work all! Has come a Long way since then, and trees with a trenching tool with quality landscape fabric placing... Choosing an area where water is to install French drains are an alternative to French drains slotted!

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