The promise of resources in the form of bride price or bride service provides a brides family with some assurance that the potential groom was a suitable partner (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a). bridewealth exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. Claude Lvi-Strauss introduced the "Alliance Theory" of exogamy,[12] that is, that small groups must force their members to marry outside so as to build alliances with other groups. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage (Frayser 1985; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. Obviously, women can have children without being married, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children. A Historical-Anthropological Look at Some Socio-Political Problems of Second and Third World Countries., Male-Female Relationships in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Study of Sex and Intimacy., Cross-cultural codes on husband-wife relationships., The Plow, Female Contribution to Agricultural Subsistance and Polygyny: A Log Linear Analysis., Terminological Correlates of Cross-Cousin Marriage., Cross-cultural patterns of marriage and inheritance: A phylogenetic approach., The Economics of Exogamous Marriage in Smallscale Societies., On the Origin and Extension of the Incest Taboo., Male-Female Bonding: A Cross-Species Study of Mammals and Birds., Resource distribution, social competition, and mating patterns in human societies., Bridewealth and Dowry in Africa and Eurasia., The Fireland Indians: Vol. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. One important predictor is whether or not women engage in craft specialization or work outside the householdwhen they do so, there is a lower likelihood of arranged marriage (Hull 1989). 2012. Ancient Rome A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. Extended families often include people from 3 or 4 generations. criminality In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. Why? We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. Alternatively, indirect dowry can be thought of as a combination of bride price paid first and then dowry. More geographically isolated societies are more likely to allow cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. marriage What is a Exogamous relationship? Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. To understand what a cross-cousin is versus a parallel cousin, it helps to think of the term cross as meaning related to you by crossing gender in the parental generation. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. 1979. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. Create an account to start this course today. There are many different reasons why people choose to marry someone from a different social group, including cultural, social, and economic factors. And, in both cases, males were frequently absent. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? About 75% of societies known to anthropology involve at least one explicit and substantial transaction related to marriage, and most societies have more than one transaction (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). She coedited. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. Why? Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. Exogamy is a widely practiced marriage custom whereby individuals marry outside of their social group. In both cases, not only did male and female sexual partners live separately with their maternal families, but they did not have regular economic cooperation nor other regular obligations with their sexual partners. 2016. In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. 2018). 2018. Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. Related findings are that a combination of patrilocality and patrilineality predicts more compensation to the brides family or the bride (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b) and that bride price is more likely in patrilineal societies (Goody 1973). [citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. When one marries outside of a social group, it is called exogamy. The wealth can be transmitted to outside family. The argument is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence, men may benefit economically from having more than one wife. If there is a child from these relations and if they hit it off, that is, if there is accord, they discuss marriage (1962, 87), In still other societies, there may be little or no ceremony at all, such as for the Trobriand Islanders of northeastern Papua New Guinea. Huber, Brad R., William F. Danaher, and William L. Breedlove. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. religion Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). 2016. Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. Omissions? Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). In other cultures, social recognition of marriage is dependent on a successful trial period. 1962. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. At the other extreme, there are societies that not only tolerate first cousin marriage, but actively try to promote marriage to a cousin, usually a particular type of cousin. Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. 1900. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. Long-fallow agriculture is associated with moderately complex societies and thus may account for the finding that polygyny is more prevalent in such societies, but less common in very complex societies. However, non-native, "invasive" populations that have "not yet established a pattern of local adaptation" may derive some adaptive benefit from admixture. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. 2007. In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. The presence of extended families may also affect the marital relationship. If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). They make the further assumption that agriculturalists and fishing people have more stable food supplies. A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. Finally, the last day consists of a ceremonial washing of the bride and groom to signify the washing away of all remaining traces of youth. The washing is followed by the couples hair being tied into a single knot (Geertz and Lomatuway 1987). Korotayev, Andrey V., and Dmitri Bondarenko. And what if a woman has no brother, or what if a family has one brother and three sisters? Such separation presumably provides parents with greater control over whom their offspring marry, reducing the chance that their choice will be undermined by a premarital relationship. 1975. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. 2019. There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. Although some research supports the idea that societies with matrilocal residence are more tolerant of divorce (Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969), other research does not find the relationship particularly strong when other factors are controlled (Ackerman 1963; Pearson and Hendrix 1979). 3) Women less dependent on men. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). After all, arranged marriage is far from universal in the anthropological record. Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. medieval The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. Why? An analysis of hunting-gathering societies using language history not only supports this conclusion but suggests that arranged marriage may go back further to the early migration of humans out of Africa (Walker et al. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. (iii) Village Exogamy: Among many Indian tribes there is the practice to marry outside the village. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. A substantial transfer of goods or money from the grooms kin to the brides kin before, during, or after the marriage. The Inuit assign totem names to each half of the moiety. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. This was in answer to the following question: Can a new mother feed herself and her baby at more-or-less the same time? The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. 2000. In support of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be more likely with. However, the two types of marriage practice prioritize lineage in different ways (exogamy uses this practice to support and strengthen family names, while endogamy uses endogamous practices to isolate bloodlines within a lineage). Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. Mandatory marriage within ones own group is known as endogamy. However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. See more. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). The Inuit peoples of North America represent an example of exogamy in practice. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. Greater sexual regulation of women (Frayser 1985). Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. 2016. "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . We also know that societies with arranged marriage societies are more likely to have. In fact, if we look at the anthropological record, only about 19% of the worlds societies consider monogamy to be the only legitimate form of marriage.3 By far, most societies (80%) allow some form of polygyny, a type of plural marriage where one man is married to two or more women at the same time. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Such lineages may in turn be grouped into clans or moieties. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). This has made exogamy more common than ever before. Why? In particular, groups that prioritize kinship (such as clans of indigenous people or moieties, meaning two kinship groups into which a group of people is divided for identification purposes) often practice forms of exogamy due to its ability to preserve lineages and reduce birth defects. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). castle [1] 1969. Second, other sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating rotation of partners. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. There are a variety of theories about what particular problems make marriage adaptive. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. Why? Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. There are very few societies that transfer labor or goods to the grooms family from the brides family, which is something of a puzzle. Unlike most online dictionaries, we want you to find your word's meaning quickly. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). Why? These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). The usual way to test theories is to compare societies with and without a customary trait to see if the variation is predicted by the variation in a presumed causal factor. Why? Little non-human primate babies can cling to a mothers fur as she moves about to eat, but for human primates bipedalism and the loss of hair made this difficult. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. Although this finding seems contrary to the principle that high levels of inbreeding are generally deleterious, there are some pathogens for which recessive genes have been shown to lessen the serious consequences of the disease. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. Exogamy is also practiced for practical reasons. Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. 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